From Babbling Birds to Grass Trees

WILDLIFE IN FOCUS

Chestnut Crowned Babbler - An Australian Bird
Did you know that Australian birds are being studied by scientists overseas and the bird on today’s show has been found to be able communicate in a similar way to how humans use language?

Chestnut Crowned Babbler, photo Graeme Chapman

Chestnut Crowned Babblers have a distinct white stripe over their eye.
They also have a curved beak a bit like a honey eater which they use to search for food by probing amongst leaf litter and twigs on the ground. These Babblers are a bit bigger than your average Pee Wee to give you some gauge as to their size. 
So let’s find out I'm talking with  Dr Holly Parsons, Manager of Birds in Backyards. www.birdsinbackards.org.au


Babbler birds were found to combine two sounds (let’s call them sound A and sound B) to generate calls associated with specific behaviours.
In flight, they used an "A-B" call to make their whereabouts known, but when alerting chicks to food they combined the sounds differently to make "B-A-B".
The birds seemed to understand the meaning of the calls.


Chestnut Crowned Babbler photo Trinity News Daily

When the feeding call was played back to them, they looked at nests, while when they heard a flight call they looked at the sky.
How interesting is that?
If you have any questions about Chestnut crowned babblers or have a photo to share, drop us a line to realworldgardener@gmail.com or write in to 2RRR PO Box 644 Gladesville NSW 1675

VEGETABLE HEROES

TEA PLANT Camellia sinensis

But I’m not talking vegetables I’m thinking of a relaxing cup of tea, and why is a cup of Tea relaxing, more on that later?
I'm not talking about herbal teas either, but real tea:
Camellia sinensis is the plant.
There are a number of tea-producing nations and regions all around the world but the largest tea growing nations, are India, China and various regions in Africa. Australia has its own plantations in northern NSW.
And as the second most popular hot drink in the world you would expect that tea is grown in massive quantities.

So Which Camellia Plant Should You Grow?
Not all camellia plants’ leaves are suitable for using in tea and commercial growers use two varieties of Camellias.
The China tea bush, or Camellia chinensis, produces small tea leaves and grows to about 1.6m.

Camellia sinensis leaves

It’s a very hardy, multi-stemmed but a slow growing shrub.
The leaves are dark green, glossy and small as you would expect being a Camellia
The second variety, which will be hard to source for the home gardener is the Assam tea bush (Camellia chinensis var Assamica)
The Assam tea bush has much larger leaves-almost twice the size leaves of the China tea bush and is quick growing and loosely branched
The leaves grow up to 20cm..
Assam tea leaves are light green and glossy.
Normally I give a brief history of the plant I’m talking about in the Vegetable Heroes segment, but with tea, well, I would be here well into the evening!
Some say Camellia sinensis originated in China, but others point to Vietnam as being a source of the original plant.
Either way, the drink, Tea has been around since 2700 B.C. in China of course.
Would you believe that tea didn’t become popular in Europe until trade routes were established in the 17th century?
All those years without drinking tea!
You can get a bit more info on www.kew.org
What’s nice about growing the tea plant, is that right now it has small, (about 8cm wide), single white flowers with a bunch of yellow stamens in the centre. The white flowers set off the dark green leaves- so very attractive.
The Camellia sinensis var sinensis plant is a small shrub about 1 ½ -2 metres in height, although it will grow taller if you don't prune it.

Camellia sinensis flowers.

Camellia sinensis  can withstand hot droughts and severe winters so you can grow it virtually in all climates of Australia.
You don't need a large garden to grow your own tea and being a small and slow grower, a large pot or tub suits this plant right down to the ground.
If you grow this plant to make tea, you will have to keep it clipped to about a metre so you have plenty of new flushes of growth to pick from.
Camellia sinensis or the Tea Camellia, grows just like any other Camellia bush that you might have growing in your garden.
Note: I’ve got to say though, it’s one of the slowest growing Camellias that I know.
For planting, Camellia sinensis likes well-drained soil that is on the acidic side.
You'll need some patience, too.
Your plant should be around 3 years old before you start harvesting leaves.
Tea bushes can be subject to attack from mites, scales, aphids, and caterpillars, but most pest problems can be solved with horticultural oil, or neem oil.
Using organic pesticides is best, after all you want the leaves for something you’ll consume and you won’t be harming birds or other beneficial insects.
See www.ecoorganicgarden.com.au for pest control.
If you’re having trouble getting the tea plant, you can grow it from seed, available from Diggers and online organic seed company called Greenpatch.

So How Do You Make Tea?

To make  green tea
Pick the very youngest leaves and leaf buds.
Blot the leaves dry, and let them dry in the shade for a few hours.
Steam the leaves (like you would vegetables) on your stove for about a minute.
For a different flavour, try roasting them in a skillet for 2 minutes instead of steaming.
Spread the leaves on a baking sheet and dry in the oven at 120⁰C for 20 minutes.
Store the dried tea leaves in an air-tight container or a tea caddy.
To make black tea.
Again, pick the very youngest leaves and leaf buds like before.
Roll the leaves between your hands, and crush them until the leaves start to darken and turn red.
Spread them out on a tray, and leave them in a cool location for 2-3 days.
Dry them in the oven at 120⁰ C for about 20 minutes.

Black tea

Doesn’t sound too hard does it?
Once you get the hang of it, try experimenting with different drying times to get different tastes.
Mix your teas with jasmine or hibiscus flowers for a lovely summer tea right from your garden.
Tea Dust in Tea Bags?
Now if you think that tea dust or the sweepings are used to make the ingredients for tea bags. I have it on good authority from one tea producer, that tea dust is in fact used as mulch on the tea plantation.
The dried tea leaves are cleaned and graded using vibrating screens, electrostatic rollers, sifters and windfall machines.
The smaller tea grades are used for teabags and the larger particles are used for leaf tea, with all dusts discarded.
Tea bag tea is made from the smaller leaves.
Why is black tea good for you?
Tea is the number one source of flavonoids (those cancer- and cholesterol-busting antioxidants) in the American diet.
Tea keeps you hydrated because every cup of tea you drink, especially the low caffeine varieties that grows in Australia, counts as a cup of water, and you’re getting anti-oxidants as well.
Why do we reach for a cup of tea when we’re feeling stressed out?
That’s because Tea can lower stress hormone levels in particular the stress hormone cortisol in the body and it has the added benefit of just making you feel good on a cold winter morning.Tea drinkers may already know that drinking tea may help prevent strokes, heart disease, and cancer.Want to know what to do with used tea leaves?Tea is high in nitrogen and contains minerals like magnesium, potassium, zinc and even fluoride that are needed for healthy plants.Tea leaves make a great organic fertilizer.
And for all you rose lovers out there, did you know that rose bushes love used tea leaves most of all?
Cover the used tea leaves with mulch and water in the nutrients that comes from the tea leaves.
Roses love the tannic acid that occurs naturally in tea.
Another tip: soak that used tea bag again but this time, water your houseplants with it. They love it, especially African Violets.
Why not try growing your own lifetime supply of tea that's as fresh and pure as you can make it.

DESIGN ELEMENTS

Climbing Plants for a Temperate Climate
Not all climbers take over your garden and not all climbers, hardly any really, are maintenance free.

Stephanotis floribunda photo M Cannon

But if you choose carefully, you can fit a number of climbers into your garden to give you maximum benefit of luxurious green foliage and scented or unscented flowers.
This week it’s about climbers that are suited for a temperate climate, but that doesn’t mean you couldn’t grow them wherever you are.
Let’s find out. I'm talking with Glenice Buck, Consulting Arborist and Landscape Designer.


Glenice mentioned
Stephanotis or Madagascar Jasmine (Stephanotis floribunda)
This is a more moderated climber which has a delicious perfume.  The fragrance is a favourite of mine. The flowers are small star shaped waxy blooms which hang in bunches. It likes a sheltered position in full to partial sun and well-drained soil.  It tends to cope with a hotter spot as long as its roots are shaded.  This climber will grow in warmer climates also.  It is tendril climber.
Hardenbergia (Hardenbergia violacea)



Hardenbergia violaceae photo M Cannon

It is a vigorous evergreen climber that can also be grown as a ground cover in full sun to dappled shade and well-drained soil.  It has few varieties such as happy wanderer which is a purple form.  Its leaves almost look like Eucalyptus leaves.
Hibbertia scandens or the Guinea Flower with bright yellow flowers and is native to Australia.

PLANT OF THE WEEK

Grass Trees Xanthorhhoea species
Grasses of all kinds are an essential design element in your garden.
You have grasses for your lawn of course, then there’s ornamental grasses that give you height and a different effect, but there’s also trees with grassy leaves that can act as a standout feature in your garden.

Grass trees in Western Australia. photo M Cannon

Let’s find out more. I'm talking with Karen Smith, editor of Hort Journal www.hortjournal.com.au  and Jeremy Critchley, The Green Gallery wholesale nursery owner. www.thegreengallery.com.au


Many, grass trees develop an above ground stem which is rough-surfaced, built from accumulated leaf-bases around the secondarily thickened trunk.


Xanthorrhoeae species photo M. Cannon

The trunk is sometimes unbranched, or branched if the growing point is damaged, and others naturally grow numerous branches.
Flowers occur along a long spike above a bare section called a scape; the total length can be up to four metres long in some species.
Flowering is usually in Spring but can be stimulated by bushfire.

Xanthorrhoeae glauca only grows one to two centimetres a year and can take 30 years to get a significant trunk.
Grass trees are frost tolerant to -8⁰ C.

When planting out into the garden be very careful how you handle the root ball.
Some recommend planting on top of a mound. DON’T DISTURB THE ROOTS.

In its natural environment
Many horticulturalists recommend cutting and slowly pulling away the plastic pot and carefully placing into a pre dug hole.
There were some great tips from Karen and Jeremy, particularly about looking for the tag or certificate that should be attached to each grass tree that’s for sale.
NPWS tags are required for all plants acquired from wild sources under wild harvester and approved harvester licences.
Growers definitely require NPWS tags for species, such as Xanthorrhoea, in larger size classes.    

  



Flowers and Weeds and Coffee Trees

PLANT DOCTOR

If you’ve ever been travelling through Europe, or even England, you might have noticed that Camellias aren’t one of those plants that you’re likely to come across all that much.
According the English Broadcaster and gardener Monty Don, over there, the main problem with the Camellia japonica and Camellia reticulata varieties is that, when their flowers start to fade, they cling to the shrub, looking for weeks like used tissue. The only way to deal with this is to dead-head each bloom by hand – otherwise it is like having a wonderful party then failing to tidy up afterwards.

Add caption

The combination of this extra work and the belief that most camellias were tender and therefore needed special protection meant that interest in camellias went into decline at the beginning of the 20th century.
But for us here in Australia, Camellias are one of the most popular winter- and spring-flowering shrubs, providing a vivid splash of colour when little else is in bloom.
So today we’re talking how to look after them when disease strikes these wonderful shrubs.
So let’s find out how to fix this.I'm talking with Steve Falcioni, General Manager of www.ecoorganicgarden.com.au

In this country the greatest problems are from wet winters and spring frosts, so to get away from this you need to add grit and compost to the planting hole so that the roots do not sit in wet soil.
Freezing conditions dehydrate the leaves, which lose more water as they thaw, especially if exposed to wind.

Camellia japonica Lovelight

The frozen roots mean that no water is taken up to replace this, and the result is often that the top or exposed part of the shrub dies back.
The extent of the damage will not become fully apparent until spring, when new growth appears and, if the roots are damaged, will drop and die back.
Draping fleece over the plant is a short-term remedy, but the most importantfactor is to provide permanent shelter from the wind.
If you have a camellia in a pot, wrap the pot in bubble wrap or bring it indoors in cold weather.
If you have any questions about problems with your Camellias or any other shrub, drop us a line to realworldgardener@gmail.com or write in to 2RRR PO Box 644 Gladesville NSW 1675

VEGETABLE HEROES

Weeds you can eat. 
What weeds are popping up in your garden right now? 
With the world’s population bursting at the seams and agriculture land becoming a more rare commodity, are we to start harvesting and eating weeds?There’s a movement afoot that thinks just that so I thought I’d explore what are the does and don’ts of eating weed plants.After all, how hard is it to grow them right? Here are some points to think about first. Did you know that many common weeds are edible, and some are more nutritious than store-bought greens? But you need to do your research before you go hunting for weeds in your garden, nature strip or nearest park. Most importantly, never eat anything you cannot positively identify.

Puslane weed

Got some dandelions, for example? The yellow petals and young leaves can be used in salads, and the roots can be used as a coffee substitute.
Most edible weeds were high in nutrients such as vitamin A, vitamin C, and minerals such as potassium. Weed haven't been bred the way commercial crops have been bred, which is for less bitterness, greater yield, ease of transport and bigger leaves.
Weeds like dandelion and chickweed and purslane, have just been left to grow themselves. The best this is that they're free are dead easy to grow and appear to be higher in certain nutrients.
But edible weeds do have some nutritional drawbacks.
Many wild leafy greens, like the sorrel varieties and purslane, have high concentrations of oxalic acid, which has been linked to kidney stones and is poisonous in very large amounts.
Something to note:
 There's no need to panic because oxalic acid is also present in store-bought foods including almonds, spinach, bananas and tea.
A growing interest in weed foraging has seen "edible weeds tours" spring up in many major Australian cities.
How can you go about making sure you’re getting the right weeds?
You could try reading a book on edible weeds, taking an edible weeds tour or studying reputable online sources are good places to start.
There are several Australian books on the subject, including a handbook by Adam Grubb and Annie Raser-Rowland.
Although most of the plants that we call weeds, especially the annuals, are edible … there are some very toxic plants.

Yellow flowered Oxalis

Dandelion weed

One important aspect that you need to be aware of is the environment your weeds have come from.
You need to consider whether the area you're picking in is likely to be polluted and also whether the plants may have been sprayed with herbicides or pesticides.
In terms of not eating things that have been sprayed, I think the safest place to eat plants from is your own backyard.
To give you just a small taste of how many edible weeds are out there, here are
Two of the easiest to identify
What next and Why are they good for You?
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Dandelion is probably one of the most common and recognisable varieties of edible weeds and it's also very versatile. Dandelion is a perennial plant with jagged, bright green leaves to 30cm long, a hollow flower stem to 30cm and one terminal yellow daisy.
Dandelions are good source of essential vitamins. The leaves, flowers and roots of the dandelion are all edible. The yellow petals from the dandelion flower and the leaves can be eaten in salad, and the leaves can also be cooked and eaten like spinach. The roots of the plant can also be dry-baked and used as a coffee substitute.
The leaves are an excellent source of vitamin A, vitamin K, calcium and iron. 

chickweed is not just for chickens

Another easy one.
Chickweed (Stellaria media) Chickweed is not just for chickens
Chickweed is often popping out at this time of year.
Did you know that Chickweed can be cooked or eaten as a salad vegetable?
It's a little, delicate, herbaceous winter green, also rich in vitamins A, B and C, and a good source of Omega 6 fatty acid. It can be cooked like spinach or used as a salad green, and since ancient times it has been used to treat itchy skin conditions as a topical ointment or a poultice.
There’s a whole lot of others like clover, Fat Hen, Crowsfoot Grass, Wild fennel, Cats Ear or Flat Weed, and Docks.
You just have to be prepared to look them up to make sure you’re getting the right thing before you tuck into them.

DESIGN ELEMENTS

Climbers for a Tropical Zone

In a Tropical Zone there are many climbers that will grow well in the warmer climates.  One thing I did notice when I was thinking about the plants suitable for warmer climates is that the climbers suitable for this area do have brightly coloured flowers.

There’s so much to be said about climbing plants, even if you have a small garden, climbers can be used to hide walls, or fence off boundaries, without spreading into the limited space of the garden.

Mandevilla sanderi

They are also a cheap and easy way to cover up something unsightly, such as a shed or water tank, or to soften a harsh wall, fence or tree trunk.This segment is all about tropical climbers which by the way don’t always have to grow in tropical climates because you know, gardeners want to test the boundaries.Let’s find out. I'm talking with Glenice Buck, Consulting Arborist and Landscape Designer.


The Pandorea species are exceptional because they can tolerate quite a range of conditions and temperatures even though they’re from tropical zones.
On the other hand, Mandevillas not so much, but then again, indoor is not a bad idea for these if you like them.
Glenice's top 5 tropical climbers are

• Pyrostegia venusta
• Beaumontia grandiflora
  Bougainvillea
• Climbing Frangipani (Chonemorpha fragrans)
• Yellow Allamanda or Golden Trumpet Vine

How about "Bauhinia Corymbosa" Or Butterfly Vine
Butterfly vine is an evergreen vine in sub-tropical conditions that can be semi-deciduous in cooler climates with older leaves dropping in cold winters, a beautiful vine with attractive and unusual foliage and small orchid-like flowers with unique 2 lobed leaves hints at its placement in the pea family. All through the warmer months there are plenty of pale pink flowers with dark veining and ideal for covering a pergola, fence or over a tree and is spectacular as a groundcover especially when in flower.

PLANT OF THE WEEK

Coffea arabica Coffee Tree
 Would you like to grow a relatively problem free large shrub  or small tree that grows well in sub-tropical and cooler climates? 

Coffea arabica

Not only that, but in as little as three years the ( coffee) tree will be covered with white, jasmine-scented flower clusters.  
Then is followed by masses of green berries that mature to a beautiful cherry-red?What could this plant be?
Let’s find out. I'm talking with the plant panel:Karen Smith, editor of Hort Journal www.hortjournal.com.au  and Jeremy Critchley, The Green Gallery wholesale nursery owner. www.thegreengallery.com.au





Coffea arabica is a small understorey tree, 2 to 8 m tall, with unusual horizontal branching, and jasmine scented white star-shaped flowers that appear all along the branches. Its leaves are evergreen and usually shiny.

When Jeremy was living in Tanzania coffee plantations were under-planting nut trees.
In Laos, the trees were trimmed to 3 - 4 metres in height in plantations to make it easier for mechanical harvesting. These were also an understorey plant.

So, what sort of micro climate do you need to grow coffee? 
Coffee prefers temperatures between 15 and 24 degrees C, although if it’s within the range of 7-30 degrees C, it will still grow quite well. 
Choose a shady spot, sheltered from cold or hot winds.

Coffee berries on Coffea arabica

Frost is the big enemy in cooler climates, and below -2 degrees C  will probably kill the plant. 
The good news is that home-grown coffee doesn’t get any pests or diseases.
Did you know that coffee has been grown in Australia for over 200 years? Why it stopped for a while was because labour costs made it unviable but with mechanical harvesting, the interest and growth of plantations saw a resurgence from the 1980’s.